Eslam Andalucia, Italy , Egypt , Greece, Cyprus , Malta
Andalusia (Spain) :
Spain (The Iberians)
Spain: true focus of the Iberians Civilization was the southeastern corner of the land . There a stock out of northern African (Oran) and probably (Berber) have been infiltrating ever since the aenealethic days of the Almeria culture (c.3000 B.C.) p.113.
Spain : during reign of spain of Visigothic king Witiza 701-709 it seems certain that Julian , the emperial count or govrenor of Ceuta incited the Arab viceroy in north Africa by arrangement with the sons of Witiza..
By the time of Roderick's attacks (710-711) , the disintigration of the state was complete.
With the collapse of the visigothic maonarchy in Spain, the sons od Witiza (Visigothic king ) arranged with Musa Ibn Nusseir the Arab viceroy to enter Spain. As a result of invitatioin from Roderick's opponents , Tarek the arab governor of Tangier crossed the straits of Gibraltar (to whom his name is attributed ) with 7000 men of arabs and berber in 711.
At the invitation of Roderick's oponents (sons of Visigothic King Witiza), the Arab governor of Tangier , crossed the straits of Gibraltar in 711 with Berbers , awaited Roderick to advance near the laguna Janda, south of Nijer de la Frontier. There Roderick was defeated . Roderick himself disappearing from history . Arab forces laid seige to Ceuta, the last reminent of the Byzantine possessions. (Encyclopedia Britannica - vol. 21 - p. 116.).
The sons of Witiza joined Tarek and encouraged him to advance northward.
Musa Ibn Nuseir crossed and dispatched his son AbdelAziz to the southeast before himself joining Tarek at Talabera.
His son Abdel Aziz settled at Portugal. They met little opposition on the whole.
Spanish jews subjected to fierce persecution since the reign of Susiebut 611 -621 welcomed the tolerant invaders as liberators.
A number of high visigothic nobles accepted Eslam.
Christian communities were left with their religious and legal independence intact and were protected by Koranic law. The jews freed from persecution were eager allies and the serfs gained a measure of freedom.
Conversions were on large scale and the Spanish convert became the active and triblant element in the general moslem cities.
There were continous immigrations of Arabs.
In 755 the Omayad prince AbdelRahman Ibn Moaweya escaping from the masacre of his relatives in Syria landed at Almunkar and with Kalbite support took Kordova. For more than thirty years he faught disorder . Al Hakam I laid the foundations of the literary culture which developed under the urban Abdel Rahman III who lifted the kingdom from disintgration to an apage , within twenty years he re-united Spain. He proclaimed himself Caliph in 929 taking the title of ElNasir (the victorious). Cordova became a metropolis enjoying immense reputation in Europe and prestige. The reign of his son El Hakam II was no less brilliant.
Weakness of Andalus Arabs was disected by a number of pety rulers (Muluk El Tawaef) after the last Omayad prince was dethroned in 1031 and replaced by a republic.
Normans attack started.
Religious fanaticism made its appearance at the end of the eleventh centurty, the christian conquest of Andalucia was undertaken in a spirit of intolerance that braught ruin to southern Spain and Sicily and severly damaged the economy of the conquering power, Castile. But fanaticism had to be moderated because it was recognised that without Moslem tribute the economic structure of Castile could not survive while digessting the newly conquered territories. Ferdinand II the saint 1217-52 embarked on a great series of compaign to subdue Andalucia, influenced by the crusadic zeal instilled into the church by the lluniac and listercian orders.
Ferdinand at first expelled the moslem inhabitants of Andalucian cities on masses but was later forced to modify his policy by the collapse of the Andalucian economy that enevitabely ensued.
Granadian Moslems were forced to create by hard work a high degree of productivity in their new state Granada in order to pay to Castile a large annual tribute.
Toledo now became famous throughout Europe as a center were Moslem philosophy and science were undermade available in translation to European scholars under the stimule of successive archbishops.
Moslems who had thronged to Granada for assylum were saved by the slowing of the christian advance. while their fronteries inspired the most colourful and moving of the Spanish Ballads and their cities saw the revival of a score of fine crafts and trade with Italy and north Africa.
Above the thickly populated city of Granada rose the fortress of El Hamra and other places which fell to ruins after the conquest.
After a hard faught war of more than ten years catholic kings took the last Moslem kingdom of Corduba.
Andalucian history was closely linked with that of north African coast until the last decade of the fifeteenth century when monarchs of Castile and Aragon forbade their former Moslem subjects to communicate with them under pain of death.
Spain - Again :
Spain:
After the Visigoth's kingdom was split apart, With Roderique usupring the Visigoth's king lands, Witisa's sons fled to Africa and called help from arab amirs; together they planned with Musa ibn Nusseir to regain Spain.
Tarek Ibn Zeyad accepted their plea and together they marched north.
In 712 bishop Opas joined them , while Musa Ibn Nusseir crossed Gibraltar and put his son Abdel Aziz in the southern eastern of Iberia and marched north to join Tarek at Talavir, they continued victoriously till Lion, mid France and Galacia before they returned Damascus at the Ommayad's caliph's order.
Jews welcomed Moslems as liberators especially after bishop salisbut 's orders of 612 - 622 A.D. to forcibely baptise jews under threat of death and confiscate their properties. In many towns inhabitants opened their city gates for the tolerant Moslem liberators.
Arabs left ruling of these coutries to its inhabitants whom many of its citizens chose to convert to the tolerant religion.
Witiza's sons were satisfied wih this great victory. Aschila got his properties back that were confiscated by Roderick and lived luxuriously in Toledo. His brother Artavasdas took title kont in Cordova, which he changed after adopting Eslam to Abo Saeid. While Almond ruled at Seville.
Bishop Opas chose to live at Toledo with Arabs.
As to Julian after he revenged by this great victory, he went to Damascus to meet the Calpih , then returned to cordoba as his son Palavais ruled after him.
Religious rights were returned to the jews who enjoyed religious freedom and could reach highest scientific and employment ranks. As in Moslem cities , Christians too enjoyed their religious freedom .
Gradually most of Andalusia's inhabitants converted to Eslam
Dynasties end :
Were Muhades batenies ?
Bateni = adopting namely a belief to crush it and its followers from inside.
Almuhades started their rule by destroying Murabeteen (tied together ones) in Andaulcia.
Its founder Ben Tumert (son of Martin) journeyed east where Battenis' erected centers for their preachings, then returned to north east Africa 1118 spending years of religious and political propaganda among tribes of the Atlas, his followers then rooted Almoravides at 1147 who had already been helping Spanish Moslems against successive norman attacks. Parrallel to this Ferdinand II was embarking on a great series of campaign that culminated in the surrender of Seville 1248.
After years of attacks , the last Moslem kingdom of the penninsula fell to the catholic kings.
So as to the last Moslem ruler Abo Abdela (no matter about his name), a bateni who was under Isabella and Ferdinand's orders, made sure no ammunitions reached stuck Moslems and didn't allow any help to reach their territories till the last of them were deported by ships that were frequently holed or drowned in mid-sea , while he was lavishly paid , and rewarded by Isabella and Ferdinand.
Bateni : namely moslims or christians , buddhists or whatever are hypocrites mentioned in holy books that we all are awaiting their final promised end .
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Romans and Eslam :
In 330 A.D. emperor Constantine moved the Roman capital to Constantinople (later Istanbul). Western Roman capital nearly faded to exist. His empire included Anatolian lands , parts of Iraq, middle east, Egypt, Tunisia , eastern Europe and southern Italy. With the arrival of Eslam , several Roman dynasties adopted Eslam . From these dynasties were the Seljuk Romans; they were Romans from Anatolia , southern Constantinople and were named after their chieftain Seljuk.
Many of the Seljuk Romans immigrated to Moslem Caliphate lands and gradually were powerful enough to find their Seljuk Roman dynasty by the tenth century. Several dynasties existed before them , but the Seljuk Romans ruled most of the Roman cities and their state was enlarged to include Persia east , and eastern europe to the west. Their successive victories caused Frank's fear and were the real reason for their crusadic campaigns. But Seljuk Romans triumphed agian at Menzekrt battle at Constantinople 1097 A.D.
Seljuk Romans considered themselves heirs of Roman emperors and took titles emperors of Romans , persians and arabs. Again franks attacked Moslems by their first sudden crusade in 1098 which caused horrible masacres and genocide of moslems and jews in Jerusalem. They then enforced catholicism on the moslem states they attacked; but the following crusades were all shameful failures; the last was their Balkan attack at Necopolis , that caused the destruction of their army and the victory of Orhans or Ottomans(Seljuk Romans successors).
Orhans or
Ottomans considered themselves heirs of the Seljuk Romans, they were as them from Anatolia, adopted Eslam and were called after their chieftain Ottoman son of Orhan.
Their rule lasted from
1300 - 1924 A.D. Their capital was
Constantinople (Asetana or
Istanbul ).
They inherited from the Romans , the Roman bath or pool (Turkish bath) , and were pioneers in architecture which is considered the base for many present european buildings.
This dynasty became for centuries the greatest world power and the strongest fleet in the mideterannean for more than 500 years.
By the mid 18th century westerns and Russians allied to attack Ottomans by land and by sea conspiring with the minority ethnic groups in the Ottoman states. They attacked Ottoman's fleet at Navarino( Napflio = Greece's capital then).
Hundreds of moslem states were attacked and its inhabitants ethnic cleansed or forced to flee to the nearest still Ottoman states. Names of cities were later changed as Odessa, Georgia, etc.
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Eslam in Egypt :
Egypt : with its pharonic history that extends more than thirty (30) pharonic dynasty from 5000B.C. , is considered one of the most ancient civilizations, with the 30th and last pharonic dynasty 3rd. c. B.C., its capital was Spentinos, east delta.
Egypt was under several atacks by Presians, then it was conquered by Alexander the Macedoniam who moved the capital to Alxandria.
Then Ptolemis ruled from 323B.C. - 30 B.c. and considered themselves inheritors of the pharoes.
Kleopatra VII's was the last Pltolemy ruler, she was about to marry Antony and rule Rome from Egypt, but Octavious waged war against them and Augustus won victory in the battle of Actium 30 B.C. and Egypt became Roman state.
In 3rd c. the egyptian gods reached Greece and Rome and in 3rd c. Karkala built a temple for Sirapis on the Carnal. Serapis = Iziz and Oziris with different names..
In 320 A.D. Roman emperor Constantine for some political reasons adopted christianity and imposed it on all Roman states, and shared by himself in roman religous councils adopting many elements from his previous religion (worshiping sun).
In 389 A.d. emperor Theodosus closed all pagan temples , and many ancient egyptian temples and monuments were destroyed. and imposed Christian monophisim on Egypt.
When christianity arrived then, though it overran this pagan traditions yet it adopted many of its previous pagan religion.
(Ancient Egyptian Religion - by A. Estindorf).
In 451 roman emperors at Constantinople waged war against Egypt's churchmen , and in their council declared roman melichites (trinity), should prevail in roman churches. War between them continued till the persian conquest of Egypt 617 - 628 A.D.
In 640 A.D. Romans regained Egypt and imposed their milicihte (trinity dogma) on all Egyptian churches and very brutally executed Egyptian monophisites church clergies. But that was for only one year.
In 641 victorious Moslems entered Egypt as Egyptians' liberators .
Amr Ebn Elaas had treaty with Syros , assuring non-moslems their rights and safety..
Egyptians considered Moslems' arrival as their tolerant liberators from Romans' tyranny .
Romans were defeated after the native inhabitants opened their cities and castle gates welcoming the Moslem allies ; and it was proved that merging between them was as simple as they considered themselves relatives, moslems considered them family as Abraham's wife and mother of prophet Ismaeil (peace on them), was from Egypt.
Ethnically Egyptians remained as they were ancient Egyptians, but culturally they were born anew as they assembled their new language culture and traditions .
Though freedom of religions was gauranteed as in most moslem countries yet Convert was on large scale .
Egyptian copts chose to convert to Tolerant Eslam by groups.
When Arabs arrived , nile valley inhabitnts were already a quiet different nation from those of ancient Egyptians . After Romans had imposed christianity on them , christians had their own language that differed from that of ancient egyptians , christian monks used language borrowed from the Greek and it contained only nine (9) letters from the ancient Egyptians.
Egypt and Egyptians by Alex Vasili.Egypt's role and civilization flourished once again.
Tulonides, fatimides, Ayubians, Mamluks, Ottomans, whose rule continued till the British conquest and division of arabian states.
Many foreign conquerors tried later to cause friction between the majority moslems and the christians, as hiring christians agents as the british did but moslems' tolerance always triumphed.
Note : mun= god of copt .
Copts : from the origional word coft that meant originally Taka Ha refering to Betah (بتاح ) god menph worshiped . Copt refers to Kaft the nearest city to the read sea
Copt (or Coft ) was an eastern egyptian city , on trade routes from the nile to the red sea.
mun as herpis = god of fields and roads was portrayed by stones.
Since the second dynasty ancient Egyptians began to embody their gods in the shape of men. some gods as baal of memphis god of heliopolis, and abis god of mnph.
kings considerd themselves representative of these gods on earth and pharoh was considered son of god with the triad symbolising their god - son of god - and spirit .
Very Ancient Egyptian chronicles :
" Egypt gift of the Nile ", a sentence said by Hecateih then echoed by Herodot and repeated by others.
In ancient times the Nile valley was inhabited by Africans , not only those of northern Sudan but also Egyptians and their laguage was of African origin and their religion didn't differ much than that of many African tribes, gradually small cities were found ruled by chieftains.
A flood of bedouins flooted the cities, their origin was Arabian lands of semitic race through the Suez route. They enourmously invaded the land and conquered it.
The African race did not resist these immigration waves , but adopted their language mixing many of it with the Egyptian original language... Soon the two races merged together and they became one language.
Though nothing remains to us from this prehestoric ancient semitic wave.
Since the dawn of history there were several cities , but finally two main ones remained, in the upper and the lower Egypt. The main capital of Delta was
Edfo in the north, and that of the south was
Ebis.
They finally were united by king Mena in 3310 B.C. with its capital Heliopolis .
But again they split into upper and lower states, with the northern capital as
Buno and the southern one
Nakhb el cap.
Struggle between them occured and southern cities plundered delta and ruled it by force forming a new united dynasty first at Memph and then at Theibes. During the third dynasty the capital moved to Memphis.
From 3rd - 11th dynasties 2000 -2160 B.C. Mid dynasty 12th dynasty , art flourished and Nuba was conquered. Heksos invaded Egypt and occupied it for 100 years 1580 -1680 B.C . New dynasty 18th and 20th dynasties.
Syria became an Egyptian state after being united to Egypt and Egyptians conquers extended till Euphrates in Iraq.
During the 20th c. Great priest of Amoun usurped the rule in Theibes (Luxor) , but army officers usurped rule from them.
Assyrians plundered Egyptian cities and ruled from 22rd - 25th dynasty (dark ages), till their defeat by Besmatik .
New Renaisance age : commerce and art flourished . In 525 B.C. Kembiz invaded Egypt and it became part of Persian empire till 322 B.C. as Alexander the Macedonian invaded Egypt.
After him Egypt was ruled by Ptolemis for three centuries .
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Carthage :
Northern Africa became part of the Roman empire with its capital city Carthage.
When Eslam arrived, Okba Ibn Nafei entered north Africa with no resistance from Romans to be mentioned. He found Kairawan , capital of Tunisia 670 A.D. , and continued victoriously till the Atlantic ocean. There was no resistance from Tunisians or Algerians or Morrocons, yet it came from the Berbers first , but as they came to know Eslam they adopted it. In 970 Fatimides moved their capital from Kairawan in Tunisia to Cairo in Egypt. They left Kairawan under the rule of their allies : The Zaidi Sanhaga berbers , who before were ruling in Ashir (mid Morrocco). Rule of Muravides, then Mohades from great Atlas , Hafezides in Tunisia, Merinides in Morrocco , till the arrival of Ottomans
brothers Babaroda.
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Eslam at Italy :
Arab immigration to Europe started by the seventh century.
In 743, an epedemic attacked arabian lands.At Constantinople, Caliph Elwalid was attacked by Constantine who in his attacks, masacred arabians at Cyprus and Armenia 751, 752, then took khanate of Bulgaria by surprise after pretending to ally with them and masacred them in what he named the nobel war. But Arabs regained those territories later.
He then attacked Sicily, whose governor Elpidus fled to Africa where Arabs crowned him king of Romans and allying together they regained Sicily 782; regaining back Calabria till Apollia, Bari, toronto, and allying with Roman governor Teibraus, victorious arabs reached Ancona and Venice . They had their fortresses especially at Bari, and Venice where they controlled its trade ships.. Amani ibn nusair allied with Radelshis who welcomed victorious arabs and together they won victory at Benserto. Hearing that Sincolf (Radelshi's foe), tried to ally with Andalusian arabs whose victories by that time reached France and Switzerland. p.384., Corsica, Sardinia, Arabs dwelled in Pergia, Aschia, Rome, cap messino , Naples, Gatia, Amalia, Sorento, Capua.In 852 Louis II attacked arabs and killed their leader Khalfon, who was succeeded by sultan Farag ibn Selim who reigned and built fortresses at Capero, Naples , San vencingo and other places. at Capero, Naples, San Vincengo, Coloure Valerno and Mont ... Brindisi , Trajetto, Garigians , Rome , and other places , and tribute was paid for them.
In 910 John X tried to attack Arabs but was defeated & Mahdi Husein Ibn Ali was governor till 965 for Calabria Apolia and Genoa , paid visits to Sardinia and Corsica. and was able to defeat king Otto at Stella shore in Toronto. In the year 1000 the khalbite amirs were rulers in northern Italy.
Salerno was a cultural center and the first medical university in Europe.
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Sicily:
Moslems desendants from Africa began in 705.
During and after Moslem rule , large arab immigration took place. There was gradual spread of Eslam in Sicily. After the Byzantine emperor Caustas II was assassinated during a rebellion at Syracose in 668, Meziz was proclaimed emperor by Byzantine militia but fell from power 669. The rebellion was followed by other risings 718-781.In 827 Euphemires who had been proclaimed emperor on Sicily appeared for help to the Arabian Aghlabid amir of Africa, but the Ephameirs was murdered by Sicilians 828. A Byzantine offensive was led by Bazil I , but in 878 Arabs had victory at Syracause and Taurmina. Arabs were governors by 878.
By 902 Arabs were practically masters of Sicily.
In 902 Aghlabids amirs of north Africa were ruling followed by the Fatimids ,and by mid 10th century ruling became hereditary during Khalides rule.
Arabian immigrationn increased and convert to Eslam was on large scale which made these states not only political part of Arabian rule world but socially and culturally too, and as in most Eslamic countries , christians and jews enjoyed tolerance and freedom of worship in return for paying tribute that was much less than the Roman levied before.
From 902 to 909 Sicily was under the Aghlabids then it passed to the Fatimides.
In 1060
normans attacks began on Sicily. Internal strifes among the arabs served Roger I well in Sakalia (Sicily) . (Arab amir of Syracouse and Tolonne with the amir of gerganti(Agriganti) and costa Giovani(Ena) .
In 1059 Normans began attacking Sicily after Italy , pope Necolaos II ordered Robert Gerscar to attack Apolonia, Galacia then Sicily after finishing the task with Italian Moslems. king Roger I grasped the chance of internal conflict betwenn Arabs. He attacked Sicily 1060 and in his attack with Robert , stormed Palermo, then Nato 1091.
In 1130 Roger II announced himself king of Sicily and united it with Apolia dukedom and states of southern Italy.
By order of popes Arabian books were translated. Constantine the African was Roger's secretary. He translated scientific and medical books from Arabic to Latin - Alfanos translated scientific books. Archbishop of Salerno - and jewish farag ben Selim wrote from arabic in salerno. Roger ordered arabian geopgraphers among which was Idrisi to translate arabic books and arabian maps.On Rogers's orders scientists translated books from Arabic to Latin .
Roger continued his attacks to north africa , where he attacked Djerba in Tunis 1146 and mahdei 1166 , but Arabs raised and ended the occupation , while Sicily and Italian territories were never again Arabian .
Normans didn't forget their fiefs in Africa and attacked several more times , but all failed. Arabian books and rennovation works was the base for the rennaisance.
Gradually Arabic faded and normans subtituted it with Latin.
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Happened at Sicily :In 535 A.D. Sicily and Dalmatia were united. by Justanian's man Belzerik. Ephemis rebelled against Constantine as taxes were very highly raised by church.Sicily: Sicilian rulers used to send wheat to Egyptian rulers in Cairo. Gawhar Sakali (the Sicilian) , was the fatimid who conquered Egypt and caused friction in the Moslem world).
Sicily was for a while owned by king of Egypt and paid annual tribute for fatimides, and it was its last ruler ben baebae that allied with the normans , (ruler of Catania a bateni= hidden agent), writings of ibn Tamima denotes he was allying with the normans . His ships carrying Moslems to Africa were drowned by sea. When Moslems screamed for help from the Moez ben Badisto to save them from the norman attacks , he sent them a fleet that was drowned at sea , as Helalin seized the city allowing Normans to enter , slaughter the youth and rob cities.
All mosques were ruined or closed and converted to churches.
Normans attacks finished by 1190.
Roger the norman king took the moslem title الملك المعظم المعتز بالله المقتدر بقدرته وكانت علامته الحمد لله شكرا لأنعمه , and his ancestors used the mazala used by the fatimid in north Africa.
Buni Umcin was the coucil's name, this title was used also to name the jewish council.
Galialm , Roger's son spoke arabic and surrounded himself with moslem gaurds.
As ibn El thamna says his mark wasالحمد لله حق حمده .
The diwan they used for land and slaves also existed at the fatimides diwan.
In 1160 Mayon, Galialm's minister , disarmed Sicilian Moslems and forbade them any weapons; while Lombards grasped the chance to slaughter the armless citizens and plunder their towns.
Moslems at Palermo , as other towns , were slaughtered at homes, hotels, inns and shops .
It is said that among celebrities murdered were the poet Alkafs Yehia ibn Elnakash and the geographer El Idrisi.
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Greece and CyprusGreece :
Up until the early decades of the 20th century many parts of Greece, Crete, Macedonia, and islands were in Moslem rule .The Balkan wars of 1912-13, and the exchange of Greek and Turkish populaion changed everything in a brutal manner . Also the civil war after WWII and the seven years of military dictatorship under the colonels junta 1967-73.
By 1827, Russia, France and Britain had finally agreed to seek autonomy for certain parts of Greece. Turkish-Egyptian fleet in Navarino was attacked and destroyed.
The following year Russia delared war on Turkey and the Sultan was forced to accept the existence of an autonomous country.
In 1830 its independence was confirmed by the western powers and borders were drawn. Orthodox Russians were encouraged to immigrate there. Great western powers imposed the first president for the republic, Capoadistrio who was assassinated by 2 chieftains (Vendetta) 1831.
They then decided to create a monarchy and put in the thrown a Bavarian prince Otto son of Ludvig , who proved an autocratic ruler bringing in fellow Germans to fill in posts.
In 1862 he was forced from the country by a popular revolt and again Europeans introduced a new prince from Denmark George I.
Athens was the the egde of territories for the new forged Greece , which was yet to include norhern Thessaly, Epirus, Macedonia or any of the islands beyond the Cyclades.
Capital and court were moved from Napflio to Athens in 1834.
In 1897 Athens failed to achieve enosis (union ) with Crete by attacking Moslems in the mainland in the process which virtually bankrupted the state.
The outset of 1821 revolution :villages at Patra, Korinthos, Athens and virtually all other Moslem villages were put to the sword. Survivors of the various masacres fled north , to the terrritories that remained under Ottoman control.The expansion of the forged Greek nation thereafter resulted in the decline of the moslem population.
New expansions or conquests of Thessaly : in 1878, Epirus, Macedonia, the north Aegan and Crete in 1913 provoked a wave of moslem immigration to the other side of receding Ottoman frontier .
Moslems or Turks as it was a genuine term for any moslem even Greek moslems were subjeted to various expulsion orders.The moslems of Crete were forced to choose between apostasy to Christianity or exile. Those who opt to stand by their faith were summarily deported to the closest Ottoman border, either Kos or nearby village of Platani and Rhodes (still Moslem by then).
But even after the 1878, 1913 acquisitions of Thessaly, Epirus and Macedonia, Moslem villages continued to exist in these regions .
The
Tsamidhes, an Albanian Moslem tribe localised in Epirus and Thespratia existed until 1940-41 , but after that were hunted dawn and expelled by naitional army and guerilla bands.
Thesaloniki : when the city passed to new orthodox greek control, the authorities allowed the pure jews to stay but insisted on the departure of Moslems.
World war I , a new king Constantine was imposed - Eleftherias Venizelos reorganised alliance of Balkan powers to fight the two Balkan wars (1912-13) compayns that saw Moslems virtually driven from Europe, on its completion, and the capitulation of Bulgaria.
Thrace was occupied. In 1920 monarchists factions took over.
WWI was also the end of Moslem populations in islands of Thasos, Somethraki and Samos (exodus to Smyrna).
In 1936 King George II appointed general John Metaxas as prime minister.
By end of May 1941 German invading forces completed occupation of Crete and other islands- joint Italian-German occupation of Greece where nearly half a million civilians starved to death as food was requisitional to feed occupying armies and entire villages throughout mainland especiallly Crete were burned and slaughtered at the least suspision of resistance.(estimated 2000 deaths daily from starvation.In 1944 Germans had finally left.Battle of Athens: first civil war with British forces (previous greek allies) being ordered to fight against them by resistance army of Ellas.
Eslamic era :
By 7th century, Eslam astonishingly spread throughout the world. Eastern Europe had been incorporated in the huge Moslem caliphate.
Macedonia then stretched from Albania far to mid Asia (Khanate of the Golden hords-present Russia). Cyprus, Crete , Rhodes and other meditteranean islands were all parts of the united Arab world.
During Persian rule , after the collapse of the Ommayad caliphate, Byzantine emperor grasped the chance and started a series of attack against Moslem territories. He then promised Moslem khanates of Bulgaria peace. (Any Persian Moslem ruler used to be called Khan meaning ruler) ; but taking their army by surprise , he attacked and rooted it. The few survivors were blinded and left with a lucky one-eyed fellow to lead them away, terming it noble war as none of his army was hurt by this treacheon.
After crusaders raised their war in the middle ages, Alexas promised to force catholicism on Greek lands if crusaders helped him in attacking Constantinople.
In 1204, the Venetians, Franks and Germans turned their armies on Byzantine and sacked and occupied Constantinople, massacred its inhabitants and ruled for 58 years; results of this fourth crusade was the looting and distruction of Byzantine.Crusaders then attacked Balkan, but their two invasions of Balkans ended in defeat at Nikopolis 1396 and at varna 1444 as Ottomans moved for rescuing Moslem territories, and whole of eastern Europes was under Ottoman rule.
During Ottoman rule the sultan used Acropolis as his home residence and the parthanon was a Mosque.
By 1687, Venetians, under the Dodge Fransisco Morsini laid seige to Acropolis, and a shot fired by Swedish mercenary from the hill of Filapappiou rent the temple in two igniting fire in it for 2 days.
At the end of the eighteenth century came the western looters , Elgin levering away sculptures from the Parthanon, the French embassador Fauvel gatheing his share for the Louvre.Byron a sympathetic luninary amidst all this unenlightened activity, visited Greece in 1810 in time to see the last of Elgin's ships looded with marbles.
In 1834 Ottomans parted , while the archeologists stripped away all the Moslem embellishments from the Acropolis. An Orthodox modest city started to take shape. Turkish quarter of the lower town , current Plaka, was occupied and Orthodox laid seige to the Acropolis fortifications. Ottomans reoccupied it five years later but were forced from it due to various attacks and masacres.
After Greek Turkish war, remaining ethnic population were exchanged , over a million and a half refugees from Asia minor arrived Greece, half of them settled in Athens.Western Thrace was he last bastion of Greek Moslems, and it remained so after 1920-21 Asia minor war.The treaty of Lusanni 1923, confirmed the right of Moslems to remain, in return for Greek Orthodoc presence in Istanbul.The prince's island and tenedos, Miros islands: Moslems there order the third of the population of Greek Thrace. During World War Two, loyalty of these Moslems was demonstrated as they resisted the invading Nazis side by side with christians.
In return two occupying forces harrased and deported to death camps many local Moslems.
Pomaks: Moslem clan of Bulgarian dialect (north of Xanthi).
During 1946-49 civil war, Thracian Moslems suffered again at the hands of Ellas. Treatment of these Moslems today functions as a barometer of relationships between Greece and Turkey.Authorities still keep the Pomaks on tight rein and they require a transit permit to leave their area of residence.
Rhodes:
Eslam spead in Rhodes since the seventh centuy as it spread in medditterannean islands by Arabian merchants
Gradually majority of its inhabitants became Moslems and it came under Arabian rule and had hundreds of Moslem mosques.
During middle ages , crusaders stormed Rhodes in 1304 and forcibly conquered it. But Ottomans finally regained it, and it remained Moslem till 1912 when Italy occupied it , then it was given to Greece in return for siding with the allies after world war two in 1948.
Crete : though it was united with Greece in 1913, many ancient Moslem mosques still survive with their arabian Ommiad architecture.
Arabian immigration to crete started since the seventh c., they had their cultural center near Iraklion. Crete became Moslem under arabian rule.But in 961, Nickoforis army bloodily stormed Crete that arabian heads were used as ammunition for their arms. Around 200,000 Moslem Cretan were masacred and the same number emprisoned and Venetian dictatorship rule was imposed.But Ottoamans regained Crete for Moslems and again Moslems became majority. Ottoman rule continued till twentieth century.1898 .
By 18th century Russsian agents were set by emperor Catherine of Russia to ignit revolution in Greece.Then Russia attacked Turkey in 1770-1780; In the process hundreds of Moslem villages in black sea were attacked. Villages were given new names.In 1821, free fighters agents from different nationalities made revolution in Pellopenese and attacked and destroyed Moslem villages.
In
Tripolita alone 12,000 Moslems were masacred.
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Cyprus :
When the Assyrian Empire finally broke up at the end of 7th c B.C. Egypt under the scite Dynasty became the predominant power in the eastern Mediterranean.
In about 569 B.C. the Cypriot Kingdoms recognized the Pharoah Ahmos II as their overlord.
In 525 B.C. the Cypriot kings transferred their alliance to the Achaemenid (Persian) ocnquerers of Egypt.
During Reign of Alexander he allowed Cypriot kingdoms to continue but took from them the right of coinage. After him Ptolemy I of Egypt made the island a province of his Egyptian kingdom.Cyprus was annexed by Roman Republic in 58 BC. , and made a Roman city , briefly retroceded to Cleopatra VII of Egypt, but after the battle of Actium 31 BC became a Roman possession again ( administered as part of the emperial province of Syria) , but became separate senatorial province 22 BC.
After the demise of Roman Empire 395AD, Cyprus remained subject to the eastern empire at Constantinople.
In 688 Cyprus became Moslem under Caliph AbdelMalik .
n 965 AD. Emperor Neciphorus attached Cyprus for Byzantines. And in 1185 it was seized by Richard I who attacked it on a crusade and massacred its inhabitants. He then sold it to Guy of Lusignan, the disposed king of Jerusalem.In 1426 Egypt overran the island which from then on paid tribute to Cairo.
Then Venetians attacked it and it became Venetian possession for 82 years until regained by the Ottomans. In 1878 Britain occupied Cyprus. Convention between Britain and Ottomans left Cyprus under Turkish rule but administered by British government.
In 1914 Britain and Turkey were at war. Britain annexed Cyprus. After 1924 Cyprus was made crown colony.The British government offered the island to Greece 12 months later and encouraged Greek immigrants to the island but the offer was lapsed when Greece declined it.
During World war II, pack transport, pioneer, motor transport and other units were raised in Cyprus by voluntary investment .These men served in France , the middle east, Britain and Italy.After the war patriarch Makarias leader of the orthodox church emerged as the leader of movement for enosis (union) with Greece vol. 6 p.934.
The compaign grew more violent, attempts to smuggle arms from abroad and nationalists from metropolitan Greece raised their voices in encouragement of the malcontents.Many Moslem villages were attacked and its inhabitants retreated north.
Encyclopedia Britannica -Cyprus– p.899
And there's that interesting story : Prophet Mohamed the blessed predicted Moslems arriving to Cyprus by boats . Bent Malhan the blessed woman asked him to pray that she be with those early travellers, He did. Few years later Arabian ships were arriving at Cyprus coast , on one of them was that blessed woman Oum Haram Bent Malhan , who died on the island and her tomb is still there, with the inscription 'tomb of the good lady'.
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Malta
Malta :
From 800 to 218 .c. Malta was inhabited by phoenicia's north African's colony carthage . Malta became part of the Roman empire after defeat of Hannibal in 208 .C.
Arabs from north africa arrived in the seventh century, they became majority but tolerated Christians. They introduced citrus fruits and had a notable impact on Maltese language and customs. In 1090 normans started their attacks .
Moslems were expelled by the norman king Rogers of sicily.
In 1530 Malta was given to the knights of st. John of Jerusalem by Charles V emperor of Spain . Their rent was two Maltese falcon a year, one to be sent to the emperor and the other to the viceroy of Sicily. The twelve thousand inhabitants were given no say in the matter . The knights sank into corrupt and ostenatious ways largely suppored by piracy.
In 1798 Napoleon arrived and the knights who were mostly French surrendered to him. Malta defeated France in 1800 with the assisstance of the British and in 1810 Malta became a part of the British empire. In World War Two Malta was subjected to five months of day and night bombing raids.
In 1947 the devastated island was given a measure of self government.
