Some historical facts
Some historical facts :
After the fall of the western Roman empire science disappeared with it, but in eastern Roman empire was valuable Greek scientific literature . p.119.
Islamic Science :
Scholars and intellects flourished from the eighth to the eleventh century (the golden age of arabic science ) among which were Avicienne, El Ghgabri, Ebn Khaldun.
A number of physicians and alchemists started laboratory work and introduced a number of important substances into chemistry, Jabir Ebn Hayan introduced the caustic into Alkolics (ex. sodium hydroxide and ammonium chloride ).
The progress due to eslamic mathematicians and astronomers probably lay mostly in the perfection of and capitulation devices, spherical geometry was developed far beyond the level antiquities reached . Abulwafa and Kusheir Ebn Laban El Kasaby had new discoveries aand independent achievements.
Since Eslam is a universal religion, most of the outstanding scholars and famous writers were not of Arabic desent (El Farabi was a Turk , Razez and Avecienna were persians , Hunain Ebn Ishaq called Juhannites by the scholars was not an arab).
Alchemy: is a term used to describe very diverse kind of literature, from Egypt , From Byzantine, from China; however Arabic speaking chemists derived many recipes and methods for industrial processes, and their experiments demanding special apparatus.
The greatest Arabic writing Alchemist Rhazes who completed his work by 900, makes the earliest known suggestion for furnishing chemical laboratory.
Industrial technology and alchemical apparatus of Arabic origin had an important role in the rise of modern chemistry.
Mathematics: Moslem Persian Ibn Musa El Khawarizmi c. 825 from whose name the medieval word for arithmetic, algorism was formed.
In Astronomy : their authors thought to replace the ptolemic by a strictly concentric system.
In Medicine :It is impossible not to mention Avicenna 979- 1037 whose work was for centuries standard in latin.
The great Arabic contribution to medicine is in the introduction of new drugs, many of which are still in use.
In 11th c. the west began to come into relation with the wisdom of the east through Latin translations of Arabic works. It is remarkable that the accumulation of knowledge derived from the Arabic , involved rapid development in the whole mental life of Europe.
(Historical Facts – The Middle Ages - Richard O’Neill).
In Encyclopedias and compilling :
The first general historian of genius was El Tabari. He wrote el Annals.
Ebn Meskaway wrote Tagarib el Omam 1030 (History of kings of ancient Persia and arabs). Ebn El Athir continued Tabari's work (El Kamil) which contains important information of western eslamic world.
The no. of histories and biographical compilations is enormous in the later years.
The history of El Ghaznani (Ketab el Yamani), by El Otbi 1036 set the fashion for the rhetoical style in history writing followed by Imadeldin and Arabshah. 1450.
Ibn Usayiah 1270 wrote a history of the fouteenth and fifteenth centuries remarkable for the appearance of arabic encyclopedic comediums as handbooks for the official classes. The first encyclopedia was that of El nawari 1332. Outstanding scholars flourished : Avenpace 1138 was one. and outstanding physicians. One must read the masterpieces of scientific analysis : Al Bironi 1030 - Ibn Khadun , in order to understand the depth of Eslamic culture whiuch westerns rightly regardee with the greatest of admiration.
After conquering Spain and Italy , there was much curiosity among Franks regarding the science of the arabs. Schools rose in spain and Sicily for translating the arab manuscripts. The scolars works were translated into latin. The translations of these texts formed the foundations on which the science of the rennaisance was built.
King Alfonso X of castile kept a number of arab scholars occupied for ten years constructing tables (the alphonsian tables ) 1270.
Borrowed from a vanishing past :
Early Moslem scientists :
some examples.
Arabian Ebn Tofeil: born 1100c. in Kadesh - Andalucia - author of "Hai ebn Yakthan", that Robenson Cruise relied on.
- AbdElRahman Ebn Badr (minister of Caliph El Nasser), inventor of printing machine , 800 years earlier than Gotensberg.
- Abolwafa El Bozgani : (Khorasan -Afghanistan -940 c.), founder of science of geometry , his studies that western relied on for centuries. - Al Khazen : from Marw (Afghanestan), pioneer in mechanics , physics and Astrology. First to measure air pressure.
- El Hasan Ebn El Haitham: first to plan water resevation Francis Bacon relied on arabian translations and was affected specially by Hassan's scientific theories and methods.
Blank in history :
Notice : Eslamic golden era (usually from 7th to 11thc.) is put blank or unknown or not enough resources; though it was known that Moslems were pioneers at encyclopedias and accurate documentations (not only but somehow later unfairly propagated against).
Examples :
Concerning Constantinople :
"It's a petty that we do not know more about the 7th & 8th c.save say that an adequate history of the disturbed period can't be written, so poor are the resources and so skimmy the present state of archeology."
History of Europe by J.M.Roberts. The penguin ,
But he mentions there was a huge fortress as far away as Euphrates (in Iraq). p.105.
coming to south Africa :
"several routes from the Mediterrannean appear to have been followed across the desert from very remote times to Abyssinie, clear records of these movements is lacking before the 11th , or a little earlier."
Enc. Br. p330
Same when it comes to Rome, Bulgaria, and many European states specially during 7th and 8th c. , very skimmy resources, very unclear!
And Asia let me add those extracts :
As to Philipinnes :
Malaya : p.709 ;Projects into the China sea and forms the most southerly portion of the continent of Asia.
All the early history of Malaya is obscure (! As usual).
Mallacca : the first Malay kingdom was a dependency of Thailand . Malay dynasty were Moslems. Only about 1450 to 1490 can chronicles start . The Thai rulers continued to demand the overland route. If the Malayo were Moslems , they readily the rest of Malacca of Hindu , Chinese and other trades.
Mallacca : assumed the commercial role of modern Singapore .The Portuguese arrived in 1498 by Cape route. In 1511, they stormed the city. The Portuguese exploited to the full the commercial possibilities of Mallacca, but never succeeded in destroying the native Moslem monarchy. Mallacca was repeatedly but unsuccessfully attacked till it fell to Dutch 1641. p.712
Philippinnes : Were discovered in 1512 and formally occupied 1565 during reign of Philip II after whom they were named . Good intentions of Spanish kings rarely did much more than pave the colonial hell. P.123Enc. Brit - Vol. 15 - Spain.
Same end
---------------------------------------------------------------
Shattering the myth - Islam beyond violence - Bruce L. Lawrence .
Extract from book :
'The Moslem Discovery of Europe by Bernard Louis " :
" turning the traditional point of western scholarship on its head. T he theme of this book is another parallel discovery in which the Europeans are not the explorers discovering far people in slang and remote places, but is in himself bar discovered from the land of Islam ".
preface p.11.
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Armada :
Spanish fleet inherited from Arabs. Moslems fleet was the world's strongest from 7th to 12th century ; they had rudders that Europeans knew hundreds of years later. Vertical rudders at the stern - a method introduced from the east to Europe after c.1200 p.70.
The word Admiral for the highest naval rank comes from the Arabic "Amir". p.71.
(From the Middle Ages - Richard O'Neill).
Queen Elizabeth (1533-1683) sent her man sir Francis Walsingham 1539-1590, to inspect about the Spanish fleet . In 1588 Francis Drake attacked and destroyed great part of Spanish shipping at Cadiz (Spain).
The Armada assembled at Lisbon to revenge and attack England by orders of Philip of Spain but the end was disastrous ; many Spanish ships were wrecked , and at Ireland their crews were massacred, only few of these could return , in these death and sickness were appalling .
Thus by destruction of Armada fleet, British fleet became the strongest.
----------------------------------------------------
- Moslem Arabs First To America :
We hear about two journeys by 8th A.D. century to new lands, one from Samarkand eastern Asia, and the other from Senegal (a strong arabian center at that time), and nearest spot to America. Later when Christopher starts his journey from there and reaches Cuba (called by arabs Bahia), he renamed it Bahia new Christopher Columbos.
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To put it by historical facts :
Amazing as it may seem to us , hardly any people in Charlemagne’s entire realm were literate . So thoroughly had the rudiments of learning been forgotten since the decay of Western Roman city life (4th century).. Even as late as 1050, Europe had not changed very much from the way it had been since the end of Carolingian family.
Only by the middle ages enlightenment began ;
There was much curiosity among western europeans regarding the science of the arabs. Schools rose in spain and Sicily for translating the arab manuscripts. The scolars works were translated into latin. The translations of these texts formed the foundations on which the science of the rennaisance was built. King Alfonso X of castile kept a number of arab scholars occupied for ten years constructing tables (the alphonsian tables ) 1270.
Carolingian Family : of Frankish aristocrats , the dynasty that they established to rule Western Europe after deposing the Merovingian king Cheldric by Pepin in c. 750.
Franks: members of a Germanic speaking people who invaded the Roman western empire in the 5th c. A.D. , dominating France, Belgium and western Germany.
Francs emerged into recorded history from in the 3rd c.A.D. as a Germanic tribe living in the east bank of lower Rhinne river. They were politically independent tribes.
Charlemagne’s empire disintegrated by mid 9th c. p936.
(The New English Encyclopedia Britannica - vol. 4 - 15th edition.)
We said Charles Martel wasn’t Roman. Neither was his granson Charlemagne. They were german Carolignian. Last Roman Emperor in the west Romulus Augustus, called Augustulus (little emperor) by barbarian leaders who kept him in power – was deposed by Odoacer the Goth in c. 476 .
By 568 Italy fell to the Lombards . p.18
(Historical Facts – The Middle Ages - Richard O’Neill).
Otto: who revived Charlemagne’s empire in the 10th c., and his successors continued to call themselves emperors. (Western civilizations – vol. I – Burns).
Neither was Charles V son of Joanna the mad and Philip I ,Roman nor Spanish and others who invaded Spain . For the Visigoths had already adopted Eslam with other Iberians. Charles V was from Habsburg (Austria); he arrived Spain 1517 unable to speak Spanish. ( Encycl. Br. - Spain – vol 15. p.123. )
Castile : Originally populated by Iberians and later Iberoceltic peoples . Castile was for a time ruled by Rome, and later by the Moores. For a time governed by counts under the supremacy of Asturious and Leon, later annexed by Sancho of Navarre 1026-1035 who gave Castile to his son Ferdinand in 1033.
Castile and Leon were finally united under Ferdinand III in 1230 when he conquered large part of southern Spain. p.57From Encyclopedia Britannica
Asturia : Asturian capital was moved from L angas de Oris to Ovieda, later pushed forward from the mountains to the central plains. Garcia I (909-914) moved the capital from the mountains to the Asturian mountains to the city of Leon . p.117.
Navarre : Sancho I Garces (905-926) added the small county of Aragon to his dominion but suffered severly at the hands of Abd -ar Rahman II - a period of subordination to the calipahte followed. Sancho III (1000-35) assumed the emperial title in Leon, but his empire was built on a simple desire for personal agrandisement . He regarded his empire as his personal property and distributed it among his sons. Garcia Sanchez III inherited Navarre . 1025-54. Castile was made into a kingdom and given to his second son Ferdinand. Sobrarbe and Ribagorza to the third , while Aragon was also erected into a kingdom for his fourth son Ramiro 1035-65. p117 .
Leon : was moslem from 717. In the beginning of the 10thc., became the capital of the kingdom of Leon.
Castile : capture of Toledo in 1083 saw the formation of new Castile. p.989.
From The Middle Ages : -Richard O'Neill.
After usurping Spain and Portugal from Moslems:
Catholic Monarchs: persuaded popes to authorize the Spanish inquisition (The Holy Office); its main target were Marrows (convert jews) and Moriscs (converted moslems). Those who confessed to heresy, usually under torture were often burned alive in mass cremonies called autes-da-fe (acts of faith); executed or not , their wealth was forfeit to the state . In 1492 all celt jews were ordered to convert or leave Spain.
Spanish inquisition were only abolished in 1834. p.92
Dominican Friars of the inquisition were so zealous with merciless cruelty. p.97
Capture of Valencia from Moores: ElCid had its governor burned alive and massacred many citizens. He governed in Alfonso's name. But Valencia was retaken by Arabs after his death. p.48.
The inquisition : began in 1478 under the control of the monarchy , directed from castile to crush what remained of Moslem religions - often bloodily. by 1492 it had far more exceeded its origianl purpose of ensuring that Moores and Jews were expelled from the country.
In 1609, Philip III ordereed the expulsion of the Moriscas (descendants of Christianized Moores as well. As a result when Charles II took the throne 1665, he inherited a country that had been stripped of nearly all of its tradespeople and artisans . Agriculture dedclined . Art and literature degenerated. p.58.
Rome :
Since Constantine moved the Roman's empire's capital to the east (Constantinople), there was nearly no mention of the western empire ever since, and ' no emperor of this western part had existed since . Only in 711 the first mention for the duchy of Rome ' , and we find the people struggling to elect a duke of their own. p.476 - (The Cambridge Medieval history - Vol. IV - part one - byzantine Empire ).
historical facts: Constantinople: the new Rome when the emperor reigned there, prevailed over the old which was particularily abandoned to barbarians. Abandoned Rome by distant emperors was placed under the protectorate of the franks (754A.D.) , Charles Martel began to develop alliance with the church.During late 9th and 10th century, the decadence of the papal court led to the virtual take over of the papcy by the German emperors p.122 (The New Encyclopedia Brittannica Vol. 9 1st ed. ). Encyclopedia Britannica - vol.14
And some background :
Last Roman Emperor in the west Romulus Augustus, called Augustulus (little emperor) by barbarian leaders who kept him in power – was deposed by Odoacer the Goth in c. 476 . By 568 Italy fell to the Lombards . p.18
extracts from the Encyclopedia Brittanica and other resources :
Pope: An ecclesiastical title formerly given , especially from 3rd to 5th century to any bishops and sometimes to simple priests. Title was used in the east for the Orthodox patriarch of Alexandria and for Orthodox priests , but since about the nineth century has been reserved in the west exclusively for the bishop of Rome.
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some additions:
There are stories of bishop Stephen 11 who crossed stormy mountains to frankish territories (751) where he remained in France and returned with Pepin's army to sack Italy from the Lombard king, the property of the church as well as the emperial domains were at this times confisacated by the Lombards as well as Ravena and other districts of central Italy. (Stephen II was 1st founder of the papal temporalities, he got territorial concessions from Charlemagne which gave the papal state its final outcomes ) p.179.
There were correspondance between him and Charlemagne for the reform of the Gallician church. But there's a Roman faction in 799 accusing Leo111 of adultery and perjury vol.5 p.258. Popes regust after the return to Rome following the western schism. Also there's no evidence of papal office existing in Rome from 4th till 7th century.
Drak ages : during the 500 years between A.D. 300 and 800 till the establishment of the church empire of Charlemagne (The Macmillan Encyclopedia of of Art).
The Holy Roman Empire isn't Roman !
It was that a clerk who saw the benefit of help from the namely popes so as to exhort the temporary generation through their names.
This design was realized in the celebrated forgery known as the "False Decretals", Encyclopedia Brittannica p.196.
In 962 German king Otto crowned himself .
Throughout its history the Holy Roman Empire was ruled by German or Austrian emperors . Only one Englishman has ever been pope Nickolas breakspeare. - ruled from 1274 onwards by the predominantly Austrian Halsburg line. p.47 (The middle Ages).
Decretales :
Epistolae decretals in Roman law, a decree (decretum), was the decission of the emperor. Decretales: a name given in canon law to those letters of emperors which formulate the decissions in ecclesiastical law.
The false decretales : scandals of false decretals were uncovered only during the 15th century = collecting of forged letters dating to the 9th century, the authentic elements were calculated to serve as passport for the forgeries which were skillfully composed. They gave a powerful impulse in the frankish territories to the movement of centralization of power in Rome and opposed legal obstacles to injest proceedings against the bishops. p.128.
Papal inquisitions:
orders of the burning alive of noncatholics or those accused of heresy. Dominican Friars of the inquisition were so zealous with merciless cruelty. p.97 (Historical facts Richard O'Neil).
Crusades : The name given to the series of wars undertaken by the Christians of Western Europe from 1096 to 1291. The results of crusades may be rewritten dawn as failure . Everywhere in the 15th century I Europe and in Asia, the crescent was victorious over the cross; and crusade and mission perished together. But a crusade won for crusaders the coast of the eastern Baltic (Teutonic Order), and the centuries of the Spanish crusades ended in the conquest of the whole Spain. P . 793. In the first place crusades were attempts at feudal colonization and as such they resulted in a number of colonies-kingdom of Jerusalem - Kingdom of Cyprus – the latin empire of Constantinople. P.793.
There were orders from the popes for the successive ethnic cleansing , including cluniac orders and cistercian orders.-
The papacy had grown as a result of the crusades. Popes had preached them, popes had financed them, popes had sent their legates to lead them. P.794 Encyclopedia Britannica - vol.14 Popes continued to preach crusades against the Moslems but with ever diminshing effect. Nevertheless several expeditins were started one of which cruelly sacked Alexandria in Egypt in 1365 and others that were directed against Ottomans e.g. the attack of 1344 on Smyrna and the two invasions of the Balkan. which ended in defeat in Nicoploi 1396 and of Varna 1444.
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Then, the illusion that Eslam spread forcibely as in Christianity is crime against truth; and why is Gibraltar named so (after Tarek's name) , because he was as bold as that mountain, else the visigoths wouldn't ask his help to take their rights back from Roderick who usurped their properties and raped their lady.
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to add a point here of why Eslam spread at this point throughout the world, that puzzled many historians - for there's a fact many just miss about it - It was prophesized in the Holy Koran (The Romans Sign 1:7), that victory would come to Moslems the same time with Romans victory the same time in few years (less than 7 years), (it was difficult to believe by then as Moslems were still weak, and prohibitted from entering Mecca ; and Persians were at that time had their victories over the Romans. But exactly after 7 years Romans won victory over Persians, it was the same time when Moslems re-entered Mecca victoriously without bloodshed , and when tribes heard of this triumph and true prophecy they arrived in groups announcing their belief.
Predicted Victory :
Historical fact :
In 591 Mesopotamia fortresses fell before the armies of the Chosroes (كسري) and Persian forces advanced into asia minor peneterating as far as Chaldon - Phocas had instituteda reign of terror in the capital , while the phoenicians were torn by religious and civil strifes.
The advant of Heracles 510 -641 from north Africa (carthage) : first 10 years of his reign entered sensational persian triumphs unequal since the days of the Achamenides. Antioch fell in 611 , Jerusalem 614 and conquest of Syria and palastine was followed by that of Egypt.
In a series of brilliant campaigns based largely on the north eastern region of Asia minor , Heraclius finally shattered the military might of persia. Jerusalem was restored. p/629.
That was just a highlightening of some facts ommitted from history , which historians and nations behind weren't fair to by forgetting and denying its truth and ; It sounds also somehow unfair to some generations who not only passed by silently , but without trace.
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Thus It's fair top say that it was Moslems who preserved the orthodox Christianity in all the countries that welcomed them as tolerant liberators , and the majority of the inhabitants of these countries willingly accepted Eslam.
Situation in Syria, the middle east , Asia, north Africa , whatsoever the citizens chose willingly to convert , the few who chose to keep by their old faiths were granted full rights and freedom; christians and jews lived with moslems with tolerance unmatchable in any non-moslem country as moslems' brothers in religion.
Recent politically motivated tension they try to propagate for ex. as in Egypt never existed for ever fourteen centuries of Eslamic tolerant rule; tolerance and brotherhood that really deserves admiration.
while just compare where catholics stormed peaceful Eslamic states and enforced catholic creed under threat of death or exile later re-enforced by the inquisitons, no moslem, orthodox christians or jews evet remained , and 100% of inhabitants were forcibely converted catholics.
ِQuestion : where have Moslems in previous Moslem countries gone ? most of them .. what ?
first in all those countries they were native citizens, citizens who opt to convert to Eslam as native Spainish Moslems, Sicilian Moslems, Greek Moslems etc., if they had to go anywhere it was under that soil ;
WHERE HAD THEY GONE ?
they were ...
they were literally and brutally
ETHNIC CLEANSED. .
After the fall of the western Roman empire science disappeared with it, but in eastern Roman empire was valuable Greek scientific literature . p.119.
Islamic Science :
Scholars and intellects flourished from the eighth to the eleventh century (the golden age of arabic science ) among which were Avicienne, El Ghgabri, Ebn Khaldun.
A number of physicians and alchemists started laboratory work and introduced a number of important substances into chemistry, Jabir Ebn Hayan introduced the caustic into Alkolics (ex. sodium hydroxide and ammonium chloride ).
The progress due to eslamic mathematicians and astronomers probably lay mostly in the perfection of and capitulation devices, spherical geometry was developed far beyond the level antiquities reached . Abulwafa and Kusheir Ebn Laban El Kasaby had new discoveries aand independent achievements.
Since Eslam is a universal religion, most of the outstanding scholars and famous writers were not of Arabic desent (El Farabi was a Turk , Razez and Avecienna were persians , Hunain Ebn Ishaq called Juhannites by the scholars was not an arab).
Alchemy: is a term used to describe very diverse kind of literature, from Egypt , From Byzantine, from China; however Arabic speaking chemists derived many recipes and methods for industrial processes, and their experiments demanding special apparatus.
The greatest Arabic writing Alchemist Rhazes who completed his work by 900, makes the earliest known suggestion for furnishing chemical laboratory.
Industrial technology and alchemical apparatus of Arabic origin had an important role in the rise of modern chemistry.
Mathematics: Moslem Persian Ibn Musa El Khawarizmi c. 825 from whose name the medieval word for arithmetic, algorism was formed.
In Astronomy : their authors thought to replace the ptolemic by a strictly concentric system.
In Medicine :It is impossible not to mention Avicenna 979- 1037 whose work was for centuries standard in latin.
The great Arabic contribution to medicine is in the introduction of new drugs, many of which are still in use.
In 11th c. the west began to come into relation with the wisdom of the east through Latin translations of Arabic works. It is remarkable that the accumulation of knowledge derived from the Arabic , involved rapid development in the whole mental life of Europe.
(Historical Facts – The Middle Ages - Richard O’Neill).
In Encyclopedias and compilling :
The first general historian of genius was El Tabari. He wrote el Annals.
Ebn Meskaway wrote Tagarib el Omam 1030 (History of kings of ancient Persia and arabs). Ebn El Athir continued Tabari's work (El Kamil) which contains important information of western eslamic world.
The no. of histories and biographical compilations is enormous in the later years.
The history of El Ghaznani (Ketab el Yamani), by El Otbi 1036 set the fashion for the rhetoical style in history writing followed by Imadeldin and Arabshah. 1450.
Ibn Usayiah 1270 wrote a history of the fouteenth and fifteenth centuries remarkable for the appearance of arabic encyclopedic comediums as handbooks for the official classes. The first encyclopedia was that of El nawari 1332. Outstanding scholars flourished : Avenpace 1138 was one. and outstanding physicians. One must read the masterpieces of scientific analysis : Al Bironi 1030 - Ibn Khadun , in order to understand the depth of Eslamic culture whiuch westerns rightly regardee with the greatest of admiration.
After conquering Spain and Italy , there was much curiosity among Franks regarding the science of the arabs. Schools rose in spain and Sicily for translating the arab manuscripts. The scolars works were translated into latin. The translations of these texts formed the foundations on which the science of the rennaisance was built.
King Alfonso X of castile kept a number of arab scholars occupied for ten years constructing tables (the alphonsian tables ) 1270.
Borrowed from a vanishing past :
Early Moslem scientists :
some examples.
Arabian Ebn Tofeil: born 1100c. in Kadesh - Andalucia - author of "Hai ebn Yakthan", that Robenson Cruise relied on.
- AbdElRahman Ebn Badr (minister of Caliph El Nasser), inventor of printing machine , 800 years earlier than Gotensberg.
- Abolwafa El Bozgani : (Khorasan -Afghanistan -940 c.), founder of science of geometry , his studies that western relied on for centuries. - Al Khazen : from Marw (Afghanestan), pioneer in mechanics , physics and Astrology. First to measure air pressure.
- El Hasan Ebn El Haitham: first to plan water resevation Francis Bacon relied on arabian translations and was affected specially by Hassan's scientific theories and methods.
Blank in history :
Notice : Eslamic golden era (usually from 7th to 11thc.) is put blank or unknown or not enough resources; though it was known that Moslems were pioneers at encyclopedias and accurate documentations (not only but somehow later unfairly propagated against).
Examples :
Concerning Constantinople :
"It's a petty that we do not know more about the 7th & 8th c.save say that an adequate history of the disturbed period can't be written, so poor are the resources and so skimmy the present state of archeology."
History of Europe by J.M.Roberts. The penguin ,
But he mentions there was a huge fortress as far away as Euphrates (in Iraq). p.105.
coming to south Africa :
"several routes from the Mediterrannean appear to have been followed across the desert from very remote times to Abyssinie, clear records of these movements is lacking before the 11th , or a little earlier."
Enc. Br. p330
Same when it comes to Rome, Bulgaria, and many European states specially during 7th and 8th c. , very skimmy resources, very unclear!
And Asia let me add those extracts :
As to Philipinnes :
Malaya : p.709 ;Projects into the China sea and forms the most southerly portion of the continent of Asia.
All the early history of Malaya is obscure (! As usual).
Mallacca : the first Malay kingdom was a dependency of Thailand . Malay dynasty were Moslems. Only about 1450 to 1490 can chronicles start . The Thai rulers continued to demand the overland route. If the Malayo were Moslems , they readily the rest of Malacca of Hindu , Chinese and other trades.
Mallacca : assumed the commercial role of modern Singapore .The Portuguese arrived in 1498 by Cape route. In 1511, they stormed the city. The Portuguese exploited to the full the commercial possibilities of Mallacca, but never succeeded in destroying the native Moslem monarchy. Mallacca was repeatedly but unsuccessfully attacked till it fell to Dutch 1641. p.712
Philippinnes : Were discovered in 1512 and formally occupied 1565 during reign of Philip II after whom they were named . Good intentions of Spanish kings rarely did much more than pave the colonial hell. P.123Enc. Brit - Vol. 15 - Spain.
Same end
---------------------------------------------------------------
Shattering the myth - Islam beyond violence - Bruce L. Lawrence .
Extract from book :
'The Moslem Discovery of Europe by Bernard Louis " :
" turning the traditional point of western scholarship on its head. T he theme of this book is another parallel discovery in which the Europeans are not the explorers discovering far people in slang and remote places, but is in himself bar discovered from the land of Islam ".
preface p.11.
----------------------------------------------------------------
Armada :
Spanish fleet inherited from Arabs. Moslems fleet was the world's strongest from 7th to 12th century ; they had rudders that Europeans knew hundreds of years later. Vertical rudders at the stern - a method introduced from the east to Europe after c.1200 p.70.
The word Admiral for the highest naval rank comes from the Arabic "Amir". p.71.
(From the Middle Ages - Richard O'Neill).
Queen Elizabeth (1533-1683) sent her man sir Francis Walsingham 1539-1590, to inspect about the Spanish fleet . In 1588 Francis Drake attacked and destroyed great part of Spanish shipping at Cadiz (Spain).
The Armada assembled at Lisbon to revenge and attack England by orders of Philip of Spain but the end was disastrous ; many Spanish ships were wrecked , and at Ireland their crews were massacred, only few of these could return , in these death and sickness were appalling .
Thus by destruction of Armada fleet, British fleet became the strongest.
----------------------------------------------------
- Moslem Arabs First To America :
We hear about two journeys by 8th A.D. century to new lands, one from Samarkand eastern Asia, and the other from Senegal (a strong arabian center at that time), and nearest spot to America. Later when Christopher starts his journey from there and reaches Cuba (called by arabs Bahia), he renamed it Bahia new Christopher Columbos.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
To put it by historical facts :
Amazing as it may seem to us , hardly any people in Charlemagne’s entire realm were literate . So thoroughly had the rudiments of learning been forgotten since the decay of Western Roman city life (4th century).. Even as late as 1050, Europe had not changed very much from the way it had been since the end of Carolingian family.
Only by the middle ages enlightenment began ;
There was much curiosity among western europeans regarding the science of the arabs. Schools rose in spain and Sicily for translating the arab manuscripts. The scolars works were translated into latin. The translations of these texts formed the foundations on which the science of the rennaisance was built. King Alfonso X of castile kept a number of arab scholars occupied for ten years constructing tables (the alphonsian tables ) 1270.
Carolingian Family : of Frankish aristocrats , the dynasty that they established to rule Western Europe after deposing the Merovingian king Cheldric by Pepin in c. 750.
Franks: members of a Germanic speaking people who invaded the Roman western empire in the 5th c. A.D. , dominating France, Belgium and western Germany.
Francs emerged into recorded history from in the 3rd c.A.D. as a Germanic tribe living in the east bank of lower Rhinne river. They were politically independent tribes.
Charlemagne’s empire disintegrated by mid 9th c. p936.
(The New English Encyclopedia Britannica - vol. 4 - 15th edition.)
We said Charles Martel wasn’t Roman. Neither was his granson Charlemagne. They were german Carolignian. Last Roman Emperor in the west Romulus Augustus, called Augustulus (little emperor) by barbarian leaders who kept him in power – was deposed by Odoacer the Goth in c. 476 .
By 568 Italy fell to the Lombards . p.18
(Historical Facts – The Middle Ages - Richard O’Neill).
Otto: who revived Charlemagne’s empire in the 10th c., and his successors continued to call themselves emperors. (Western civilizations – vol. I – Burns).
Neither was Charles V son of Joanna the mad and Philip I ,Roman nor Spanish and others who invaded Spain . For the Visigoths had already adopted Eslam with other Iberians. Charles V was from Habsburg (Austria); he arrived Spain 1517 unable to speak Spanish. ( Encycl. Br. - Spain – vol 15. p.123. )
Castile : Originally populated by Iberians and later Iberoceltic peoples . Castile was for a time ruled by Rome, and later by the Moores. For a time governed by counts under the supremacy of Asturious and Leon, later annexed by Sancho of Navarre 1026-1035 who gave Castile to his son Ferdinand in 1033.
Castile and Leon were finally united under Ferdinand III in 1230 when he conquered large part of southern Spain. p.57From Encyclopedia Britannica
Asturia : Asturian capital was moved from L angas de Oris to Ovieda, later pushed forward from the mountains to the central plains. Garcia I (909-914) moved the capital from the mountains to the Asturian mountains to the city of Leon . p.117.
Navarre : Sancho I Garces (905-926) added the small county of Aragon to his dominion but suffered severly at the hands of Abd -ar Rahman II - a period of subordination to the calipahte followed. Sancho III (1000-35) assumed the emperial title in Leon, but his empire was built on a simple desire for personal agrandisement . He regarded his empire as his personal property and distributed it among his sons. Garcia Sanchez III inherited Navarre . 1025-54. Castile was made into a kingdom and given to his second son Ferdinand. Sobrarbe and Ribagorza to the third , while Aragon was also erected into a kingdom for his fourth son Ramiro 1035-65. p117 .
Leon : was moslem from 717. In the beginning of the 10thc., became the capital of the kingdom of Leon.
Castile : capture of Toledo in 1083 saw the formation of new Castile. p.989.
From The Middle Ages : -Richard O'Neill.
After usurping Spain and Portugal from Moslems:
Catholic Monarchs: persuaded popes to authorize the Spanish inquisition (The Holy Office); its main target were Marrows (convert jews) and Moriscs (converted moslems). Those who confessed to heresy, usually under torture were often burned alive in mass cremonies called autes-da-fe (acts of faith); executed or not , their wealth was forfeit to the state . In 1492 all celt jews were ordered to convert or leave Spain.
Spanish inquisition were only abolished in 1834. p.92
Dominican Friars of the inquisition were so zealous with merciless cruelty. p.97
Capture of Valencia from Moores: ElCid had its governor burned alive and massacred many citizens. He governed in Alfonso's name. But Valencia was retaken by Arabs after his death. p.48.
The inquisition : began in 1478 under the control of the monarchy , directed from castile to crush what remained of Moslem religions - often bloodily. by 1492 it had far more exceeded its origianl purpose of ensuring that Moores and Jews were expelled from the country.
In 1609, Philip III ordereed the expulsion of the Moriscas (descendants of Christianized Moores as well. As a result when Charles II took the throne 1665, he inherited a country that had been stripped of nearly all of its tradespeople and artisans . Agriculture dedclined . Art and literature degenerated. p.58.
Rome :
Since Constantine moved the Roman's empire's capital to the east (Constantinople), there was nearly no mention of the western empire ever since, and ' no emperor of this western part had existed since . Only in 711 the first mention for the duchy of Rome ' , and we find the people struggling to elect a duke of their own. p.476 - (The Cambridge Medieval history - Vol. IV - part one - byzantine Empire ).
historical facts: Constantinople: the new Rome when the emperor reigned there, prevailed over the old which was particularily abandoned to barbarians. Abandoned Rome by distant emperors was placed under the protectorate of the franks (754A.D.) , Charles Martel began to develop alliance with the church.During late 9th and 10th century, the decadence of the papal court led to the virtual take over of the papcy by the German emperors p.122 (The New Encyclopedia Brittannica Vol. 9 1st ed. ). Encyclopedia Britannica - vol.14
And some background :
Last Roman Emperor in the west Romulus Augustus, called Augustulus (little emperor) by barbarian leaders who kept him in power – was deposed by Odoacer the Goth in c. 476 . By 568 Italy fell to the Lombards . p.18
extracts from the Encyclopedia Brittanica and other resources :
Pope: An ecclesiastical title formerly given , especially from 3rd to 5th century to any bishops and sometimes to simple priests. Title was used in the east for the Orthodox patriarch of Alexandria and for Orthodox priests , but since about the nineth century has been reserved in the west exclusively for the bishop of Rome.
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some additions:
There are stories of bishop Stephen 11 who crossed stormy mountains to frankish territories (751) where he remained in France and returned with Pepin's army to sack Italy from the Lombard king, the property of the church as well as the emperial domains were at this times confisacated by the Lombards as well as Ravena and other districts of central Italy. (Stephen II was 1st founder of the papal temporalities, he got territorial concessions from Charlemagne which gave the papal state its final outcomes ) p.179.
There were correspondance between him and Charlemagne for the reform of the Gallician church. But there's a Roman faction in 799 accusing Leo111 of adultery and perjury vol.5 p.258. Popes regust after the return to Rome following the western schism. Also there's no evidence of papal office existing in Rome from 4th till 7th century.
Drak ages : during the 500 years between A.D. 300 and 800 till the establishment of the church empire of Charlemagne (The Macmillan Encyclopedia of of Art).
The Holy Roman Empire isn't Roman !
It was that a clerk who saw the benefit of help from the namely popes so as to exhort the temporary generation through their names.
This design was realized in the celebrated forgery known as the "False Decretals", Encyclopedia Brittannica p.196.
In 962 German king Otto crowned himself .
Throughout its history the Holy Roman Empire was ruled by German or Austrian emperors . Only one Englishman has ever been pope Nickolas breakspeare. - ruled from 1274 onwards by the predominantly Austrian Halsburg line. p.47 (The middle Ages).
Decretales :
Epistolae decretals in Roman law, a decree (decretum), was the decission of the emperor. Decretales: a name given in canon law to those letters of emperors which formulate the decissions in ecclesiastical law.
The false decretales : scandals of false decretals were uncovered only during the 15th century = collecting of forged letters dating to the 9th century, the authentic elements were calculated to serve as passport for the forgeries which were skillfully composed. They gave a powerful impulse in the frankish territories to the movement of centralization of power in Rome and opposed legal obstacles to injest proceedings against the bishops. p.128.
Papal inquisitions:
orders of the burning alive of noncatholics or those accused of heresy. Dominican Friars of the inquisition were so zealous with merciless cruelty. p.97 (Historical facts Richard O'Neil).
Crusades : The name given to the series of wars undertaken by the Christians of Western Europe from 1096 to 1291. The results of crusades may be rewritten dawn as failure . Everywhere in the 15th century I Europe and in Asia, the crescent was victorious over the cross; and crusade and mission perished together. But a crusade won for crusaders the coast of the eastern Baltic (Teutonic Order), and the centuries of the Spanish crusades ended in the conquest of the whole Spain. P . 793. In the first place crusades were attempts at feudal colonization and as such they resulted in a number of colonies-kingdom of Jerusalem - Kingdom of Cyprus – the latin empire of Constantinople. P.793.
There were orders from the popes for the successive ethnic cleansing , including cluniac orders and cistercian orders.-
The papacy had grown as a result of the crusades. Popes had preached them, popes had financed them, popes had sent their legates to lead them. P.794 Encyclopedia Britannica - vol.14 Popes continued to preach crusades against the Moslems but with ever diminshing effect. Nevertheless several expeditins were started one of which cruelly sacked Alexandria in Egypt in 1365 and others that were directed against Ottomans e.g. the attack of 1344 on Smyrna and the two invasions of the Balkan. which ended in defeat in Nicoploi 1396 and of Varna 1444.
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Then, the illusion that Eslam spread forcibely as in Christianity is crime against truth; and why is Gibraltar named so (after Tarek's name) , because he was as bold as that mountain, else the visigoths wouldn't ask his help to take their rights back from Roderick who usurped their properties and raped their lady.
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to add a point here of why Eslam spread at this point throughout the world, that puzzled many historians - for there's a fact many just miss about it - It was prophesized in the Holy Koran (The Romans Sign 1:7), that victory would come to Moslems the same time with Romans victory the same time in few years (less than 7 years), (it was difficult to believe by then as Moslems were still weak, and prohibitted from entering Mecca ; and Persians were at that time had their victories over the Romans. But exactly after 7 years Romans won victory over Persians, it was the same time when Moslems re-entered Mecca victoriously without bloodshed , and when tribes heard of this triumph and true prophecy they arrived in groups announcing their belief.
Predicted Victory :
Historical fact :
In 591 Mesopotamia fortresses fell before the armies of the Chosroes (كسري) and Persian forces advanced into asia minor peneterating as far as Chaldon - Phocas had instituteda reign of terror in the capital , while the phoenicians were torn by religious and civil strifes.
The advant of Heracles 510 -641 from north Africa (carthage) : first 10 years of his reign entered sensational persian triumphs unequal since the days of the Achamenides. Antioch fell in 611 , Jerusalem 614 and conquest of Syria and palastine was followed by that of Egypt.
In a series of brilliant campaigns based largely on the north eastern region of Asia minor , Heraclius finally shattered the military might of persia. Jerusalem was restored. p/629.
That was just a highlightening of some facts ommitted from history , which historians and nations behind weren't fair to by forgetting and denying its truth and ; It sounds also somehow unfair to some generations who not only passed by silently , but without trace.
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Thus It's fair top say that it was Moslems who preserved the orthodox Christianity in all the countries that welcomed them as tolerant liberators , and the majority of the inhabitants of these countries willingly accepted Eslam.
Situation in Syria, the middle east , Asia, north Africa , whatsoever the citizens chose willingly to convert , the few who chose to keep by their old faiths were granted full rights and freedom; christians and jews lived with moslems with tolerance unmatchable in any non-moslem country as moslems' brothers in religion.
Recent politically motivated tension they try to propagate for ex. as in Egypt never existed for ever fourteen centuries of Eslamic tolerant rule; tolerance and brotherhood that really deserves admiration.
while just compare where catholics stormed peaceful Eslamic states and enforced catholic creed under threat of death or exile later re-enforced by the inquisitons, no moslem, orthodox christians or jews evet remained , and 100% of inhabitants were forcibely converted catholics.
ِQuestion : where have Moslems in previous Moslem countries gone ? most of them .. what ?
first in all those countries they were native citizens, citizens who opt to convert to Eslam as native Spainish Moslems, Sicilian Moslems, Greek Moslems etc., if they had to go anywhere it was under that soil ;
WHERE HAD THEY GONE ?
they were ...
they were literally and brutally
ETHNIC CLEANSED. .
posted by hagir at 2:16 AM
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